Livestock

Livestock refers to domesticated animals raised for agricultural purposes, primarily for food, fibre, labour and other products. The category includes cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and, in some regions, camels, horses and other species. Livestock farming is a cornerstone of rural economies worldwide, providing meat, milk, eggs, wool, leather and draught power. In Africa, livestock systems range from extensive pastoralism and smallholder mixed farming to intensive commercial operations. The sector supports the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people and contributes significantly to gross domestic product in many countries. Livestock production is closely tied to food security, nutrition and income generation, particularly in areas where crop farming is constrained by climate or soil conditions. However, the industry faces challenges including disease outbreaks, feed shortages, water scarcity, land degradation and climate variability. Biosecurity and animal health management are critical to maintaining productivity and preventing losses from infectious diseases such as African swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease. Livestock also plays a role in cultural and social systems, with animals serving as stores of wealth and markers of status. Environmental concerns around greenhouse gas emissions, land use and water consumption have prompted efforts to improve efficiency and sustainability. Advances in breeding, nutrition, veterinary care and digital herd management are helping to modernise the sector across the continent.