Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China, located in the country's north bordering Mongolia and Russia. It is one of five such regions established to accommodate significant ethnic minority populations, in this case the Mongol people, alongside a Han Chinese majority. The regional capital is Hohhot, though cities such as Chifeng also serve as important economic centres. Inner Mongolia has a resource-based economy, rich in coal, rare earth elements and grasslands used for livestock farming, and it has become a hub for renewable-energy development due to its vast wind and solar resources. The region has attracted large-scale green hydrogen and green ammonia projects, positioning it as a testing ground for China's energy-transition ambitions. Its abundant land and low-cost renewable power make it attractive for energy-intensive industries, including electrolyser manufacturing and energy storage. Inner Mongolia has drawn international partnerships, including with companies pursuing green hydrogen and sustainable aviation fuel technologies. Historically pastoral, the region has industrialised rapidly over recent decades, driven by coal mining and heavy industry. It plays a strategic role in China's efforts to balance economic growth with decarbonisation goals. Its scale and resource base give it outsized relevance to global discussions on renewable energy and green industrial development.