Geophysics

Geophysics is the scientific study of the Earth using physical measurements such as gravity, magnetism, seismic waves, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic properties. In the mining and exploration sector, it underpins the search for orebodies by allowing geologists to infer subsurface structures and mineralisation without direct excavation. Techniques include airborne and ground magnetic surveys, gravity surveys, induced polarisation, electromagnetic surveys and seismic reflection, each suited to different commodities and geological settings. Geophysical surveys are typically combined with geochemical sampling and drilling to build a fuller picture of a target area, reducing the risk and cost of exploration programmes. The discipline has become increasingly important in the search for critical minerals, including copper, cobalt, lithium and rare earths, as demand rises for battery and clean-energy metals. Advances in hyperspectral imaging and artificial intelligence are being integrated with traditional geophysical datasets to improve target identification and interpretation speed. Regions such as the Kalahari Copper Belt, spanning parts of Botswana and Namibia, rely heavily on geophysical techniques given the thick cover of sand and calcrete that obscures surface geology. Exploration companies operating in Africa, including those active in Morocco and Botswana, use geophysics to prioritise drill targets and de-risk projects ahead of resource definition. The field draws on physics, mathematics and computer science, and has evolved substantially with improvements in sensor technology, data processing power and modelling software. Geophysics remains a foundational tool across the mining value chain, from greenfield exploration through to mine planning and environmental monitoring.