Name of the Project
Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex.

Location
The Kolwezi district of Lualaba province, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Project Owner/s
Kamoa Holding holds a direct 80% interest in the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex, with the DRC government holding the remaining 20%. Ivanhoe Mines and Zijin Mining each hold an indirect 39.6% interest in the project, while Crystal River Global holds an indirect 0.8% interest.

Project Description
The Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex is a long-life, high-grade underground copper mining operation. An updated independent technical report announced on March 31, 2026, supports a revised mine plan for the complex that is expected to ramp up production to more than 500 000 t/y of copper from 2028 onwards.

The updated mine plan is based on Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 concentrator operations at a steady-state processing rate of 17-million tonnes a year for about 25 years. The 2025 indicated mineral resource estimate totals 1.272-billion tonnes grading 2.65% copper, containing 34-million tonnes of copper, while inferred resources total 336-million tonnes grading 1.8% copper, containing 6.1-million tonnes of copper. The updated mineral reserve is estimated at 466-million tonnes grading 2.82% copper containing 13.1-million tonnes of copper.

The reserve estimate reflects changes to the mine design and extraction sequence, including more conservative geotechnical parameters, wider pillars, revised extraction assumptions and the conversion of resources to reserves at Kamoa 3, 4, 5 and 6. 

Ivanhoe Mines announced on March 31, 2026, that an updated independent technical report for Kamoa-Kakula had been completed, with an effective date of December 31, 2025. The report estimates indicated mineral resources of 1.272-billion tonnes at 2.65% copper, containing 34-million tonnes of copper, inferred resources of 336-million tonnes at 1.8% copper, containing 6.1-million tonnes of copper, and probable mineral reserves of 466-million tonnes at 2.82% copper, containing 13.1-million tonnes of copper.

The updated mine plan supports copper production of about 500 000 t/y from 2028, based on Phase 1, 2 and 3 concentrator operations at a steady-state rate of 17-million tonnes a year. 

Potential Job Creation
Kamoa-Kakula has generated more than 12 000 jobs through its operations and construction activities, with more than 95% of those positions filled by Congolese nationals.

Net Present Value/Internal Rate of Return
The Kakula DFS yields an after-tax net present value (NPV), at an 8% discount rate, of $5.5-billion and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 77% over a 21-year life-of-mine (LoM), with a payback of 2.3 years.

The Kakula-Kansoko 2020 PFS yields an after-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $6.6-billion and an IRR of 69% over a 37-year LoM, with a payback of 2.5 years.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA yields a potential after-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $11.1-billion and an IRR of 56% over a mine life of more than 40 years, with a payback of 3.6 years.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS case yields an after-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $19.1-billion at a long-term copper price of $3.70/lb.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA case yields an after-tax NPV, at an 8% discount rate, of $20.2-billion.

Capital Expenditure
The Kakula DFS estimates peak funding at $775-million, remaining initial capital costs at $646-million and expansion capital costs at $594-million.

The Kakula-Kansoko 2020 PFS estimates peak funding at $848-million, remaining initial capital costs at $695-million and expansion capital costs at $750-million.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2020 PEA estimates peak funding at $784-million, remaining initial capital costs at $715-million and expansion capital costs at $4.46-billion.

The Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS estimates the remaining capital cost for the total Phase 3 expansion at $3-billion, including the mine, concentrator, smelter, infrastructure and investment in off-site hydropower infrastructure.

Planned Start/End Date
Initial production of copper concentrate at the Kakula mine processing plant started on May 25, 2021, with commercial production achieved on July 1, 2021.

The Phase 2 concentrator started commercial production in April 2022, four months ahead of schedule.

The Phase 3 concentrator expansion was completed in May 2024.

The updated mine plan supports copper production of more than 500 000 t/y from 2028 onwards, based on Phase 1, 2 and 3 concentrator operations at a steady-state processing rate of 17-million tonnes a year over about 25 years.

Latest Developments
Ivanhoe announced its third quarter results on October 8. Its 2026 guidance remains 290 000 t to 310 000 t of saleable copper, trending towards the lower end. Previously reported 2027 guidance was 380 000 t to 420 000 t.

Work on the 2027 updated LoM plan started in the second quarter of 2026 and is targeted for completion late in the first quarter of 2027. The study will optimise the ramp-up to about 500 000 t/y of copper from 2028 at a targeted cash cost of about $2/lb or less. A 250 000 m geotechnical and hydrological drilling programme started in July 2026, while technical trade-off studies are assessing ways to improve ore-extraction rates and efficiency.

Production stoping has recently started at Kamoa, while stoping at Kakula is expected to start in the second half of 2027. Over the next nine to 12 months, ore mined at Kakula will be derived solely from development as access is established ahead of stoping.

Third-quarter saleable copper production was 76 401 t. Concentrators processed 3.493-million tonnes, producing 68 188 t of copper in concentrate.

Copper inventory reached about 43 000 t, including 6 904 t of previously stockpiled fines designated for sale. Kamoa and Kansoko mining exceeded 700 000 t month, up 30%.

Project 95 modifications were completed in July. Phase 1 and 2 recoveries averaged 88.9%. The smelter remained at 60% capacity, producing 118 638 t of sulphuric acid; realised prices averaged about $900/t.

Hybrid solar facilities became fully operational in September, supplying 60 MW continuously from 433 MW peak PV capacity and 1 107 MWh storage. Generator diesel consumption fell 40% in June compared with July. Signed power purchase agreements target 120 MW within 18 months.

Key Contracts, Suppliers and Consultants
Kamoa-Kakula 2025 Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource Technical Report: AMC Mining Consultants South Africa and MSA Group.

Kakula DFS/Kakula-Kansoko PFS/Kamoa-Kakula PEA: OreWin (overall report preparation, mining, logistics, power and economic analysis); China Nerin Engineering (smelter design and basic engineering contract for the smelter); DRA Global (mine surface infrastructure and metallurgical processing); Epoch Resources (tailings storage facility design); Golder Associates (hydrology models and recommendations); KGHM Cuprum R&D Centre (technical adviser on certain mining methods and geotechnical); Outotec Oyj (smelter technology); Paterson and Cooke (paste backfill plant design and surface/underground paste distribution system); SRK Consulting (mine geotechnical recommendations); Stantec Consulting International (mining and mineral reserves); Wood (mineral resources estimation); Kamoa Copper and SNEL, together with Stucky SA (engineering, procurement and construction management - Turbine 5); Voith Hydro (contractor Turbine 5); and Metso Outotec (direct blister furnace and fine grinding mills).

Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PFS/Kamoa-Kakula 2023 PEA: OreWin; China Nerin Engineering; DRA Global; Epoch Resources; Golder Associates Africa; Metso-Outotec Oyj; Paterson and Cooke; SRK Consulting; and MSA Group.

Epiroc (Minetruck MT65 S haulers, Scooptram ST18 S loaders, Boomer 282 face drilling rigs and Simba E70 S production drilling rigs; CrossBoundary Energy and Green World Energie (existing hybrid solar facilities); Green World Energie and Lualaba Solar Company (additional power purchase agreements).

Contact Details for Project Information
Ivanhoe Mines, tel +1 604 657 9010 (North America), tel +27 11 088 4300 (South Africa) or email info@ivanhoemines.com.