Arctic

The Arctic is the polar region at the northern extreme of Earth, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Greenland. It is characterised by extreme cold, sea ice and, increasingly, the effects of accelerated climate change. The region holds substantial untapped reserves of oil and natural gas, including areas of the Barents Sea explored by companies such as Equinor, alongside fisheries and mineral resources. Melting sea ice has opened new shipping routes and intensified interest in energy and mineral exploration, while also raising environmental and geopolitical concerns. Governance of the Arctic involves a mix of national jurisdictions and the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation among Arctic states and indigenous communities. Norway and Russia are among the countries with significant Arctic coastlines and strategic interests, including energy development and military presence. The European Commission and other bodies monitor Arctic developments for their implications on climate policy and energy security. Norwegian officials, including Terje Aasland, engage with Arctic energy matters given the country's offshore industry. The region features prominently in the global energy transition debate, balancing fossil fuel extraction against climate commitments. Indigenous peoples, including the Sami and Inuit, have long inhabited the Arctic, adding cultural and political dimensions to resource development. Its remote and fragile ecosystem makes any industrial activity there subject to heightened scrutiny.