By Junior Mining Council President Fred Arendse

South Africa cannot wish away the illegal mining crisis while leaving thousands of abandoned, derelict and ownerless mines without proper security or rehabilitation.

Much like the crisis of hijacked buildings, abandoned mines create spaces that can be exploited when they are neglected. We have seen this movie before in Gangster’s Paradise: Jerusalema (2008), where abandoned buildings become vulnerable to unlawful occupation and criminal syndicates. Once criminal networks take control of neglected spaces, reclaiming them becomes far more difficult.

The same warning applies to abandoned mines. These sites are not simply remnants of South Africa’s mining past. They can become national safety, environmental and security risks, providing opportunities for criminal networks to exploit mineral resources and surrounding communities.

The scale of the challenge is staggering. South Africa has approximately 6,100 derelict and ownerless mines, according to figures previously presented to Parliament by the Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources (DMPR). These sites can become breeding grounds for illegal mining and related criminal activity, while posing serious risks to communities, workers and the environment.

Against this backdrop, the newly released General Mining Laws Amendment Bill, 2026 presents an important opportunity. The Bill seeks to strengthen the legislative framework to combat illicit mining and related activities that threaten public safety, economic development and the sustainable management of South Africa’s mineral resources.

But a glaring question must be asked: should the legislative response not also comprehensively address abandoned and derelict mines themselves?

The Bill understandably focuses heavily on the criminal conduct associated with illicit mining. Organised criminal syndicates exploiting South Africa’s mineral wealth must be confronted. Those financing, organising and profiting from illegal mining should face the full force of the law.

However, we must also address the conditions that allow these activities to flourish.

An abandoned or inadequately secured mine can provide the physical infrastructure for illegal mining. Open shafts, unsecured workings, mine dumps and accessible underground operations create opportunities for people to enter dangerous sites and for criminal networks to exploit mineral resources. If these sites remain accessible and inadequately rehabilitated, law enforcement is effectively being asked to treat the symptoms while the underlying conditions remain.

The recent incident in North West is a stark reminder of this reality. The deaths of suspected illegal miners at a disused mining site demonstrate how abandoned mines can become acute safety risks when they are not properly secured and rehabilitated.

Regardless of whether people enter these sites legally or illegally, the consequences can be fatal.

This is why the Junior Mining Council (JMC) believes government must accelerate the management of abandoned mine sites as a matter of national priority.

Government, mining rights holders and other relevant stakeholders must work together to ensure that closure and rehabilitation measures are implemented effectively and that communities are protected from preventable harm.

The JMC therefore calls on government to urgently strengthen the identification, risk assessment, securing, sealing and rehabilitation of abandoned and derelict mining sites across the country.

This must be treated as an integrated national programme rather than a series of isolated interventions.

These sites present significant physical, environmental and public-safety hazards when access is uncontrolled and rehabilitation or closure measures remain incomplete. The recurring presence of illegal mining at disused operations demonstrates that mine closure cannot be treated as an administrative end-point.

Closure is not the end of the risk.

It requires ongoing risk management, monitoring and effective coordination between government, mining rights holders, law-enforcement agencies, municipalities and affected communities.

The response to illegal mining must therefore be both firm and intelligent. Organised criminal networks must be dismantled, while legitimate opportunities for artisanal and small-scale miners should be expanded within a properly regulated framework.

This is another reason abandoned mines require greater attention in the General Mining Laws Amendment Bill.

The legislative framework should establish a clearer connection between mine closure, rehabilitation, site security and the prevention of illicit mining. 

Where a responsible rights holder or other accountable party can be identified, existing closure and rehabilitation obligations must be enforced effectively. Where sites are genuinely ownerless or derelict and responsibility has fallen to the state, government must ensure that sufficient resources are available to address the risks.

The General Mining Laws Amendment Bill provides Parliament with an opportunity to strengthen this approach.

South Africa’s abandoned mines are not merely remnants of the country’s mining past. They are a present-day safety, environmental and economic challenge.

We must stop the Jerusalema movie from unfolding and replicating itself in the mining sector.

If government is serious about addressing the root causes of illegal mining, abandoned and derelict mines must be placed firmly at the centre of the solution.