Retail

Retail is the sector of the economy concerned with the sale of goods and services directly to consumers for personal or household use. It encompasses a wide range of formats, from large shopping centres and supermarkets to specialist stores, convenience outlets and online platforms. The sector serves as the final link in the supply chain, connecting manufacturers and wholesalers with end users. Retail is a significant contributor to employment and gross domestic product in most economies, particularly in urban areas where consumer spending is concentrated. Key subsectors include food and grocery, fashion and apparel, electronics, home improvement, pharmaceuticals and fuel. The industry is shaped by consumer behaviour, disposable income levels, demographic trends and technological change. In recent years, the rise of e-commerce and digital payment systems has transformed traditional retail models, while physical stores have adapted through experiential offerings and omnichannel strategies. Retail property, including shopping centres and standalone stores, forms a major asset class within commercial real estate and is often held by listed real estate investment trusts. The sector is sensitive to economic cycles, interest rates and shifts in consumer confidence. Performance is typically measured by metrics such as sales per square metre, foot traffic, tenant retention and like-for-like sales growth.