South Africa has had several run-ins with the European Union (EU) over the past number of years with regard to the bloc’s trade rules governing citrus. The most recent dispute relates to a stipulation that South African oranges be subjected to cold treatment of between 0 °C and –1 °C for at least 16 days before export to the EU to mitigate the risk to European producers of false codling moth. South Africa has questioned the science behind the move and its rapid midseason implementation, while the Citrus Growers Association has warned that exports worth R600-million could be affected.