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Illegal Mining

Illegal mining is the extraction of minerals or precious metals without lawful authorisation, operating outside the regulatory framework that governs the formal mining sector. The practice encompasses a spectrum of activities, from small-scale artisanal operations to organised criminal networks that exploit abandoned or active mine workings. Illegal miners typically target high-value commodities such as gold, diamonds and platinum-group metals, often accessing disused shafts, tailings dumps and operational mine sites. In South Africa, illegal miners are commonly known as zama zamas, a term derived from a Zulu phrase meaning "those who try their luck". The sector thrives in regions with extensive mining heritage, particularly where formal operations have closed or scaled back, leaving behind accessible infrastructure and residual mineral deposits. Illegal mining poses significant safety risks, as operators work in unregulated conditions without proper ventilation, support structures or emergency protocols, leading to frequent fatalities from rockfalls, flooding and asphyxiation. The activity also generates substantial economic losses for governments through foregone tax revenue and royalties, while undermining legitimate mining companies through theft of ore and damage to infrastructure. Environmental degradation is a further consequence, with illegal operations causing uncontrolled pollution, land subsidence and contamination of water sources. Law enforcement agencies face considerable challenges in combating illegal mining, as operations are often linked to organised crime syndicates involved in money laundering, human trafficking and the trade in illicit goods. The phenomenon is driven by a combination of high unemployment, poverty, porous border controls and the lucrative nature of precious metal markets. Addressing illegal mining requires coordinated efforts spanning law enforcement, socioeconomic development, mine rehabilitation and regulatory reform.

Illegal Mining News


Who is taking accountability for illegal mining in South Africa?
Who is taking accountability for illegal mining in South Africa?
5th June 2026

As questions mount over who should ultimately take responsibility for combating illegal mining in South Africa, industry leaders, security specialists, law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, and... 


Central basin decant impacts Boksburg lake
2nd June 2026 By: Creamer Media Reporter

The Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) on Monday confirmed that decant from the Central basin has affected water quality in Boksburg lake. The TCTA operates and maintains three acid mine... 


Mine security conference seeks unified action despite growing distrust in security structures
Mine security conference seeks unified action despite growing distrust in security structures
22nd May 2026

The growing mistrust within South Africa’s mine security and law enforcement sectors will not stop the urgent need for stronger collaboration, according to organisers of the upcoming 5th annual... 


JMC welcomes arrest of Illegal Miners in North West
22nd May 2026

The Junior Mining Council (JMC) welcomes the arrest of 14 alleged illegal miners in Brits, North West, during a multi-disciplinary law enforcement operation involving the South African Police... 


Aspasa director Letisha van den Berg
Surface miners face mounting challenges post Covid survival
1st May 2026 By: Nadine Ramdass

The small-scale surface mining and opencast sector is contending with complex challenges – including lower affiliated commodities demand and illegal mining – which are hindering the industry’s... 


An illegal mine
Illegal mining more than just a law enforcement issue, research fellow says
24th April 2026 By: Lumkile Nkomfe

A presentation by University of South Africa (Unisa) Centre of Excellence: Adaptation and Resilience postdoctoral research fellow Dr Kennedy Manduna has challenged dominant narratives around... 


Don't miss the 5th annual Mine Security Conference
Don't miss the 5th annual Mine Security Conference
3rd March 2026

The explosion of illegal mining and its immeasurable economic and social effects have been at a critical point for many years. The annual Mine Security conference, hosted in Johannesburg, is one of... 


Illegal mining remains a nationally coordinated organised crime threat, SAPS tells parliamentary committee
Illegal mining remains a nationally coordinated organised crime threat, SAPS tells parliamentary committee
24th February 2026 By: Sabrina Jardim

Amid a resurgence of illegal mining across South Africa, interventions and coordinated measures are being implemented to curb ongoing incidents across the country. This was discussed during an... 


DMPR warns Gugulethu residents against illegally mining gold
17th February 2026 By: Schalk Burger

In response to media reports of citizens digging up parts of the Gugulethu section of the Payneville informal settlement in Springs, Ekurhuleni, seeking to find gold-bearing material, the... 


Mineral and Petroleum Resources Minister Gwede Mantashe
Mantashe flags licensing failures as illegal mining crisis grows
9th February 2026 By: Darren Parker

Mineral and Petroleum Resources Minister Gwede Mantashe has warned that South Africa’s sluggish development of a reliable cadastre for exploration and licensing is exacerbating an already serious... 


Illegal miners are digging gold at a $4.8bn Newmont site in Peru
15th December 2025 By: Bloomberg

A multi-billion-dollar gold project owned by the world’s biggest bullion producer has been invaded by illegal diggers in northern Peru, according to a top government official. Newmont Corp.’s... 


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