NEW YORK – It keeps getting harder to sell coal in the US.

US miners are forecast to cut production 4.7% in 2018 as electricity generators shift increasingly to natural gas and renewable energy, according to the US Energy Information Administration. The expected total of 736.3-million short tons would be the second-lowest since 1978, and just barely more than 2016, a year filled with mine closures, mass firings and bankruptcies.

As demand for coal used to generate electricity continues to dwindle, the key to success for US miners increasingly lies in two things: steel and international markets. Companies that have access to overseas markets and mine metallurgical -- or “met” -- coal that’s used in steelmaking are performing well. Those who sell exclusively to US power generators aren’t.

“It’s the export story, and it’s the met story,” Mike Dudas, an analyst for Vertical Research Partners, said in an interview.

The dichotomy has been clear as miners reported fourth-quarter earnings. Companies including Arch Coal and Peabody Energy that mine metallurgical coal and have overseas customers beat analysts’ expectations and have seen their shares rise.

Look at Warrior Met Coal, an Alabama-based company that exclusively mines metallurgical coal in southern Appalachia and exports almost every lump. Revenue in the fourth quarter beat the highest estimate and its shares are up more than 65% since April.

Metallurgical coal accounts for only about 10% of coal mined in the US, but it typically commands higher prices. As of Wednesday, the global benchmark for metallurgical coal was $232 a metric ton, according to The Steel Index, while a comparable benchmark for thermal coal for power plants was $100 a metric ton.

A key reason it’s so valuable is that supply tends to trail demand. When economies heat up and give rise to new bridges and skyscrapers, steel consumption spikes, fuelling the market for metallurgical coal. It can take years, however, to open new mines to meet that demand. That drives up prices in the meantime.

“Builders don’t want to wait five years for that additional ton of met coal,” Lucas Pipes, an analyst with B. Riley FBR, said in an interview. “They want that steel right now.”

On the other side of the trend is Cloud Peak Energy, a Wyoming-based company that extracts all its coal from the Powder River Basin and sells exclusively to electricity generators. While the company would be happy to export more, there’s limited capacity at West Coast export ports, and few analysts expect that to change anytime soon. Its shares are down more than 20% in the past year.

The big problem for Cloud Peak and other miners of thermal coal is there are fewer and fewer US customers. America’s coal-fired power plants lost 15% of their generating capacity, or 46 gigawatts, from the start of 2012 through 2017. Another 12 gigawatts are scheduled to close this year, making 2018 potentially the second-biggest year on record for retirements, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Things don’t look much better for domestic coal demand beyond 2019, according to Andrew Cosgrove, a Bloomberg Intelligence analyst.

“It really comes down to natural gas,” Cosgrove said. “Utilities are making long-term decisions about their portfolios on the back of what seem to be low natural gas prices for the foreseeable future.”