Renewable energy is very rapidly ousting coal, which could present a blow to Botswana, which has been pinning its hopes on coal replacing the static diamond industry as its new platform for economic growth.

“Renewable energy is just about the only thing being invested in,” Fieldstone Africa MD Jonathan Berman told the heavily coal-orientated Botswana Resource Sector Conference on the first day.

Emphasising that Fieldstone was in no way anticoal, Berman pointed out that the company was delighted to still be working in the coal and thermal space, advising a consortium on the 600 MW Thabametsi coal-fired power project in South Africa and closing a very large thermal coal-to-liquids project in Ghana.

But he believes it important to point out that it has become increasingly hard to raise finance for coal projects and, while the company would get Thabametsi done, he indicated that it had been a close call, owing to financial institutions shying away from funding coal projects.

By contrast, his company had seen an explosion of new investment in independent power producer projects across all technologies in the region.

It had also seen more investment in transmission lines by utilities.

With the exception of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola, there were high-voltage connections to all countries, with smaller connections between those markets, providing the background for the power market to develop partly as an integrated regional market across the Southern African Development Community region.

As massive opportunities present themselves, he said, the energy industry was moving away from the large centralised traditional coal and hydropower utility model of the past 100 years towards renewables, with investment taking place very fast in the last few years.

Use of conventional energy storage techniques were also arising to ensure that renewable energy could be stored to overcome its stop-start nature of only being operative when the sun was shining or when the wind was blowing. Storage using pumped water storage and gas storage of renewable energy had already emerged in Australia.

Berman’s presentation brought a defensive retort from Shumba Energy chairperson Alan Clegg, who said that renewable energy was a developed country pursuit, which did not fulfil the developmental and employment needs of Africa, which the Botswana Stock Exchange-listed company has chosen as the place to launch coal mines and then coal-fired power stations with strategic partners.

“We’re in Africa, where the driver is not only for energy, but for energy to deliver something else,” Clegg told the conference, also attended by Mining Weekly.

Shumba would be active in Botswana and would be involved in coal, a mineral that could also be “green”, through the lowering of emissions from coal-fired power stations.

“Let’s not just assume that coal is dirty,” said Clegg.

While there would be a place for renewables, they were not the future, as nuclear would follow coal and create demand for uranium, he postulated.

However, Berman had earlier pointed to the speed that characterised Rwanda’s first solar independent power producer project, which was project-financed and built in six-month spurts.

He also drew attention to South Korea making an energy U-turn away from coal and nuclear.

No matter what views were held on global warming, Berman made the point that renewable energy was also being promoted on health grounds.

He identified solar as an obvious renewable energy generation opportunity for Botswana, which is a signatory to the Paris accord on climate change.

Econsult MD Keith Jefferis highlighted the seeming irony of the Botswana government on the one hand committing the country to a lower carbon future by being a signatory to the Paris accord, and, on the other, strategising to build more coal-fired power stations, which would emit more carbon.

On a more practical level, the biggest obstacle to obtaining private-sector finances was government’s struggle to come up with power purchase agreements.

“There’s a very bright future for new energy technologies,” Berman said, adding that financing had shifted towards renewables, which were lowering electricity tariffs.

Zambia’s new solar tender had been awarded at US4.7c/kWh.

“Think on that one. Compared with any traditional technology, it’s incredibly low-priced,” said Berman, who added that India had just come in even lower, awarding projects at US4.2c/kWh, in spite of its higher cost-of- borrowing environment.